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581
Film Stereotypes Males as Spousal Brutes
BY STEPHEN BASKERVILLE
Human Events, 28 April 2003, p. 22.
To write the editors: [email protected]
Reproduced under the Fair Use exception of 17 USC 107 for noncommercial, nonprofit or educational use.


PBS Documentary Promotes The Myths of 'Domestic Violence'


PBS recently aired a seven-hour documentary depicting the mindset of Nazi hatemongers. Extraordinary footage of actual dialogue among operatives reveal social science and psychotherapy being twisted into political weapons against targeted groups. The film depicts mass processing centers railroading thousands into incarceration with no semblance of due process of law.


Contrary to the film's title, Domestic Violence, there is little in the film actually on "domestic violence." The film is entirely on how government officials and government-funded operatives discuss domestic violence. It is rather as if one did make a film about Nazis at work and called it "Jews in Germany."


The film depicts how people paid by the government to disseminate misinformation about men do, not surprisingly, disseminate misinformation about men. We then see how government officials who are paid to separate children from their fathers and jail the fathers without trial do in fact separate children from their fathers and jail the fathers without trial.


Filmmaker Frederick Wiseman never questions or challenges what his subjects say. More important, he never allows the objects of this media-disseminated gossip and hearsay a word in their own defense.


He does offer a glimpse of the semi-totalitarian processing centers for those accused of domestic violence, with mass arrests, mass arraignments via television, and mass incarcerations without trial. Yet even this is obviously whitewashed.


"It's very hard to get into a shelter," Wiseman admits. So obviously he is an approved propagandist, seeing what the shelter directors want him to see. This is reminiscent of glowing reports by credulous westerners who were given carefully controlled tours of the Soviet Union.


In reviewing the film, the Washington Post reports that "one-fifth to one-third" of dating teenagers are "being abused verbally, mentally, emotionally, and-or physically by their partners." So all this domestic "violence," it turns out, is not violent at all. It is verbal, mental, and emotional ("or" physical). In other words, it is a violation of no law and not criminal but whatever the "victim" says it is.


"Whatever the woman says is what we believe," says one police officer as a man is led away in handcuffs.


"I didn't wish to . . . make a cliche out of domestic violence, says Wiseman. In fact, this self-indulgent spectacle is seven hours of government cliches.


Some troublesome facts viewers are never told by Wiseman or the Post:


The Post says "one out of every three women" experiences domestic violence. In fact, no evidence indicates that women are the only or even the primary victims of domestic violence, and a quarter century of academic research attests they are not.


Most domestic violence arises during divorce and child custody. An intact family is the safest place for women and children.


The Post says, "Child abuse occurs in 70 percent of families that experience domestic violence." Child abuse takes place overwhelmingly in the homes of single mothers. In other words, a father is the natural protector of his children.


Post reviewer Judith Gillies says "More than 503,400 women in the United States are stalked by an intimate partner each year." But the US Justice Department defines stalking as any "nonconsensual communication." Legally, a father trying to phone his children is "stalking."


Domestic violence hysteria and fear-mongering is now corrupting and discrediting once-reputable news organizations like the New York Times and the Washington Post.


The BBC, once respected for its impartial documentaries, recently broadcast an astounding ten-day blitz on domestic violence that Melanie Phillips of the Daily Mail calls "a propaganda onslaught . . . the kind of concerted propaganda exercise one might expect to see in time of war, with men targeted for attack here by what might be described as gender fascism."


Throughout the U.S. and other democracies, knowingly innocent men are accused of "violence" that everyone in the courtroom knows did not take place. These men lose their children, homes, and savings. They are subject to coerced psychotherapy and coerced confessions and jailed without trial and with no semblance of due process.


No one even denies this is taking place. Defenders only insist that, as always, the end justifies the means. Yet neither PBS nor any other media outlets expose this in seven-hour documentaries.


   Dr. Baskerville teaches political science at Howard University. mailto:[email protected]


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582
Main / toilet seat
May 28, 2003, 07:57 AM
If there are more males in a household than females and we assume an average of 5 urinations a day per person and 1 crap then the math indicates that the probability is higher for the seat needing to be up rather than down.  Since this is the case it seems only fair to go with the probabilites and leave the seat up after each use.   :yes:
583
Here's an interview I found linked at www.mensactivism.org taken from www.equityfeminism.com.  I thought of David as soon as I read it.    The next to last paragraph sums it up nicely:

Quote
Can you imagine for a second the outrage if men in and outside of academia got together to celebrate the works of a misogynist who complained of female "contamination" and advocated "a drastic reduction of the population of females"?



http://www.equityfeminism.com/articles/2002/000110.html


Mary Daly's Feminist Vision of Gendercide

By Brian Carnell

Tuesday, November 26, 2002

In a post this month about a satirical essay by Martha Burk on controlling male fertility, weblogger Glenn Reynolds offered this parenthetical remark,


Though if you think that calling Burk's piece "satire" changes the face of feminism you're showing your ignorance. There are other writings by academic feminists calling for the elimination of men and similar absurdities in dead earnest, though at nearly midnight I'm not going to run them down. But as a guy who once edited Catharine MacKinnon, I know a bit about this stuff.
Reynolds was then challenged by Barry Deutsch as to whether there are really academic feminists who have called for the complete elimination of men. Reynolds turns up references in Mary Ann Warren's "Gendercide," which Deutsch says isn't good enough.

Well, there is one academic feminist who is both a fan of parthogenesis and advocates the elimination of men (and most women) -- Mary Daly. Until a few years ago, Daly was a professor at Boston College. She was finally forced out there because she refused to allow men to participate in her classroom.

Daly has long advocated for research into parthenogenesis to dispense with men. Her book, Quintessence is half-science fiction novel, half bizarre manifesto in which she explicitly lays out her views. Daly herself is a character in the book who visits a utopian continent where -- thanks to the influence of Daly's books -- a lesbian elite reproduce solely through parthogenesis.

And there is no doubt that Daly considers this both desirable and possible. Here's Daly from a 2001 interview with What Is Enlightenment magazine (emphasis added),


WIE: In your latest book, Quintessence, you describe a utopian society of the future, on a continent populated entirely by women, where procreation occurs through parthenogenesis, without participation of men. What is your vision for a postpatriarchal world? Is it similar to what you described in the book?
MD: You can read Quintessence and you can get a sense of it. It's a description of an alternative future. It's there partly as a device and partly because it's a dream. There could be many alternative futures, but some of the elements are constant: that it would be women only; that it would be women generating the energy throughout the universe; that much of the contamination, both physical and mental, has been dealt with.

WIE: Which brings us to another question I wanted to ask you. Sally Miller Gearhart, in her article, "The Future--If There is One--Is Female," writes: "At least three further requirements supplement the strategies of environmentalists if we were to create and preserve a less violent world. 1) Every culture must begin to affirm the female future. 2) Species responsibility must be returned to women in every culture. 3) The proportion of men must be reduced to and maintained at approximately ten percent of the human race." What do you think about this statement?

MD: I think it's not a bad idea at all. If life is to survive on this planet, there must be a decontamination of the Earth. I think this will be accompanied by an evolutionary process that will result in a drastic reduction of the population of males. People are afraid to say that kind of stuff anymore.

Of course what Daly is advocating here is nothing short of gendercide, and yet Daly is taken seriously by radical feminists.

Radical feminist Andrea Dworkin, for example, called Quintessence a "masterpiece." When the Boston College controversy erupted, Daly's supporters held a fundraiser called "A Celebration of the Work of Mary Daly" which included Diane Bell, Director of Women's Studies at the George Washington University; Mary Hunt, Co-Director of the Women's Alliance for Theology, Ethics and Ritual; Frances Kissling, President of Catholics for a Free Choice, and others. Daly also counted Eleanor Smeal, Gloria Steinem and other feminists outside of academia in her corner.

The press release announcing the celebration explicitly includes Quintessence as one of Daly's celebrated works. Can you imagine for a second the outrage if men in and outside of academia got together to celebrate the works of a misogynist who complained of female "contamination" and advocated "a drastic reduction of the population of females"?

And that in a nutshell is what is wrong with contemporary feminism -- that such nutcases are not only tolerated, but openly celebrated. And they still wonder why so few college-aged women want to self-identify themselves as "feminists."

Source

Mary Daly event in Washington, DC, Jan. 29, 2001. Mary Hunt, E-mail press release, Jan. 10, 2001.

The Thin Thread Of Conversation: An Interview With Mary Daly. Catherine Madsen, Cross Currents, Fall 2000.

Change Agents in the Church: Mary Daly. Rev. Joan Gelbein, Unitarian Universalist Church of Arlington, Sunday, January 7, 2001.
584
Main / battered women's sin done
Nov 22, 2002, 04:30 PM


Marva Wallace hugs her son, Jessie Martin, 25, after a judge ordered her released from prison last month. She served 17 years for killing her abusive husband.

               ``````````````````````````````````

Battered Women's New Day in Court
Calif. Law Lets Inmates Who Killed Abusers Ask for Another Hearing



By Kimberly Edds
Special to The Washington Post
Friday, November 22, 2002; Page A03


LOS ANGELES -- Marva Wallace's husband beat her.

The young woman was bloodied and bruised often during her one-year marriage. Then one horrible night her husband slapped her and forced her to perform a sex act while her 2-year-old daughter watched.

Afterward, Wallace went to the bedroom, got a gun and shot him three times in the back of the head.

She spent the past 17 years in prison for murder, but Wallace, 48 and a grandmother, now is free. She is the first woman to be released under a new California law that gives inmates a chance to prove the outcome of their trial could have been different had evidence of "battered-woman syndrome" been presented.

The 11-month-old law may turn back the clock on hundreds of murder convictions decided before such evidence was required to be admissible at trial. It will give abused women one last legal tool to seek a new trial, have the severity of their offense reduced or even be released with time served, said advocates for battered women.

A few states have enacted laws over the past decade to make it easier for defendants to pursue a strategy of self-defense using battered-woman syndrome, including evidence of prior beatings. Since 1992, California has required that evidence of abuse be permitted in murder trials. But the new law is the first in the nation to allow inmates convicted in trials before the new requirements to demand another hearing.

Wallace was convicted in 1985, and Los Angeles Superior Court Judge David S. Wesley freed her last month. It is up to prosecutors to decide whether they want to retry her; a spokeswoman for the district attorney's office said the case is under review. At a new trial, a defense expert would testify that Wallace was a victim of battered-woman syndrome.

Some medical experts say a steady cycle of violence leaves women feeling helpless, so they often stay in abusive relationships and may eventually see suicide or homicide as the only way out. Advocates are hoping Wallace will not be retried and will be allowed to remain free -- a sign that the fight to free battered women is being reinvigorated.

"We're definitely hoping that she is granted a release so other judges won't feel timid or shy about doing something completely new," said Nausheen Hassan, of the California Women's Law Center.

Skeptics say evidence of battered-woman syndrome was routinely admitted in court before it was mandated a decade ago. They also say the law seems excessive, given the other mechanisms in place to ensure the convictions were just.

"Our chief concern was it was unnecessarily disturbing murder convictions which were properly reached by a jury," said Lawrence Brown, executive director of the California District Attorneys Association. The association initially opposed the bill, but became neutral after securing an amendment that prevents inmates who raised the issue under different legal challenge and lost from trying again.

"We were concerned about giving murderers two bites at the apple," Brown said.

Sue Osthoff, of the National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women, said explaining to juries the effects of abuse is critical to showing a woman acted in self-defense. But critics label the strategy as the "abuse excuse," a blank check that allows women to kill without being held responsible for their actions.

Advocates argue many women who kill their batterers actually endure a tougher legal road and stiffer penalties than men who beat their wives to death in the heat of the moment. Having an expert witness help explain why abused women may feel in imminent danger even when their partner is not actively attacking them can be a turning point for the defense, they said.

"Most people can understand self-defense if I'm attacking you, but they don't understand how someone who after years of terror, shoots them in the back or poisons them, is acting in self-defense," said Kenneth Theisen, a lawyer with the California Coalition for Battered Women in Prison.

Nearly 600 women are in California prisons for killing their alleged batterers, but it is unclear how many of those women were convicted prior to 1992. Advocates said at least 100 women would be entitled to seek relief under the new law. Only women convicted of first- or second-degree murder are eligible to seek relief under the new law -- leaving without recourse women who pleaded guilty to manslaughter to avoid a harsher sentence.

Osthoff called the law a "creative" way of navigating the complex avenues California inmates must take to seek release, when clemency and parole are options that have all but been taken from them.

Two weeks before Wallace was freed, she was turned down for parole by Gov. Gray Davis (D). The governor has vowed to let no murderer go free, rejecting all but two of the 144 cases recommended for parole by the Board of Prison Terms.

The push to free battered women from prison was stepped up in the early 1990s. Several governors granted clemency to dozens of convicted killers, including Richard Celeste, then governor of Ohio, who freed 25 women, saying they had not had an opportunity for a fair trial because testimony about abuse had not been presented. But the dozens of clemency petitions sent to Pete Wilson, who was then California's governor, went largely unanswered. Three women out of 34 petitions submitted by battered women were freed -- for reasons other than their abuse.

Initially receiving a swell of public attention, the campaign has lost momentum. Few women have been freed in recent years.

Advocates say they hope the California law can once again jump-start the effort across the nation -- and there are some signs of movement.

New York, which has not freed an alleged battered woman since 1996, adopted a law in July that allows victims of domestic violence serving prison terms for killing or assaulting their abuser to be eligible for work release.


© 2002 The Washington Post Company
586
Main / Men's Stories
Nov 11, 2002, 06:03 PM
How often have you heard a man talk about his personal difficulties in marriage, abuse, DV, or some other type of trauma?  Probably very rarely I would bet.  How many times otoh have you heard the personal is political?  

People often don't get a chance to hear from men about the painful aspects in their lives and all too often this lack of familiararity encourages the erroneous assumption that men don't have pain!  With this in mind we have started a section here at standyourground.com that offers men a place to stand their ground and offer their experience to us all.

Two men have given us a start.  Both relate how the troubles in their marriages brought them to very difficult circumstances, one with ex parte. You can read the first here [/b]or the second story here.[/url]

Any man wanting to add his own experiences can enter it here.[/b]  Feel free to enter your name and email address or keep things anonymous.

We have also started a section for anyone to honor a man in their lives.   If you have a man in your life that you love and admire tell us about him here![/b]  Both of these can be anonymous if you wish.

The masculine has taken such a beating in the past 30 years we figured a few good stories about men might start a positive ball rollling!
587
Men and Domestic Violence / Duluth Model
Nov 09, 2002, 09:36 PM
The Duluth model was created in Duluth Minnesota as a result of a group of activists gathering after a particularly gruesome murder of a woman by her husband.   They put their heads together and came up with a group of ideas about how to keep that sort of incident from ever happening again.  They developed a model that saw the world of violence in a socio-political context where, as the initial tragedy had shown, men wielded power over women in a violent fashion.  Since that time the Duluth Model has become the theoretical framework of choice in the domestic violence industry.  In some situations I am sure it is a very good fit, however, in many I am sure it is not.  As we shall see the Duluth Model has no connection to any reputable theory of behavioral change and exhibits a major failing in its inability to differentiate any potential clients who might be better served by a different type of treatment.  It is a truly "One size fits all" approach to the complex world of domestic violence.  It's primary focus (resulting from it's original precipitating incident) is on the power and control of men over women. Recent research[/b] however has proven that domestic violence is not a male-only endeavor.  Women have been shown to initiate violence in relationships at a rate higher than that of males and research also indicates that women incur about 62% of the domestic violence injuries while men incur 38%.  These studies have confirmed that domestic violence is surely not a simple male on female problem.  They have shown that 25% of domestic violence is initiated without provocation by women, 25% by men, and 50% simply a brawl between the two parties. With numbers like these it is patently clear that a model that is based solely on a man's violence towards women sees only half the problem and leaves its proponents with a spurious picture of the real world of domestic violence. The Duluth model is profoundly outdated, inappropriate and inadequate to help victims of domestic violence.  


Let's have a quick look at the assumptions that underlie the rhetoric of the Duluth Model.

The Duluth model makes some serious assumptions about men. The first assumption is that all men are trained by our culture to dominate women.  Here's a quote from Education Groups for Men Who Batter: The Duluth Model by Pence and Paymar: "Men in particular are taught these tactics in both their families of origin and through their experiences in a culture that teaches men to dominate" This quote is not directed at some men, it is directed at all men. It reveals the Duluth's profound bias against men.  It literally assumes that all men are taught both in their families and in their culture to be dominant towards women.   While this is undoubtedly true in the original murder that brought forth the Duluth model and in some instances of domestic violence today  it is surely not true of all men.  It also leaves no explanation or understanding for instances when women are the perpetrators.   I think that most men would tell you that they were not taught to dominate women in their families of origin.  They would likely tell you that they were taught just the opposite: not to batter women but  to respect, care for, and protect them.  My estimation is that most men were taught one of the worst things you can do is to hit a girl.  Most men have probably never hit a girl or a woman though most men have probably been hit more than once by a woman.  I would bet that this is the experience of millions of men in this culture but the Duluth Model frames all men as dominators and abusers in waiting.  


This model believes that men have set things up from the beginning to be in their favor.  That men across the board have stacked the deck to put themselves on top and women on the bottom.  Here is a quote: "The historic oppression and continued subjugation of women in most cultures occurs because men have defined almost every facet of their societies, thereby perpetuating a sexist belief system and institutionalizing male privilege."   This model believes that men have intentionally created a system that favors themselves and is intentionally hurtful to women.  They go on to assume that domestic violence is a logical extension of this by having men use violence to enforce this advantage.  This may be true for a handful of men but it is certainly not true of all men.  The implication is that all men are consciously seeking advantage over the women in their lives.  I question the veracity of this and also would like to point out that a presumption such as this can only be antagonistic towards the very group that they seek to help.


The next assumption is that battering of women by men is commonplace. This book claims that 50% of men batter their wives at some time in their marriage.  In a nutshell that means that if you are a male either you or your next door neighbor are wife beaters.  Is it you or your next door neighbor?  They go on to say that one out of four men use some type of physical violence against their spouse during the course of a given year.  These are obvious exaggerations and  distortions of the truth.  Domestic violence is bad enough without having to exaggerate the statistics.  A common ploy to inflate statistics is to water down the definition of abuse to such extremes that the statistic simply doesn't mean a thing.  There is a factoid that is popular on the internet and in domestic violence literature that states that every 15 seconds a woman is battered.  What you are not told is that using these same overblown definitions of abuse that a man would be battered every 14 seconds!  The Duluth model exposes its inherent sexism and once again gives us only one side of things.  Statistics like this are not useful in helping people understand the truth of domestic violence.  There is no reason to exaggerate something so horrid, but that is what the Duluth model proponents do.

It is disturbing to me that the Duluth model discourages therapy and makes the assumption that a man's violence is not related to drugs, psychopathology, previous abuse, impulse control, communications, alcoholism, or other difficulties. The Duluth Model book states: "These factors are contributors or modifiers of a mans' behavior but they do not cause (emphasis mine) his violence." The cause according to them is the socio-political elements inherent in a man's socially constructed "dominance." This is what they see as the enemy and what needs to be eliminated. They see psychopathology, drugs, previous childhood abuse, and other problems as distractions and urge their group leaders to not allow the participants in their programs to focus on any of these "distractions".  While they know that the majority of these men have been abused as children they urge the group leaders "To keep the group focused on the issues of violence, abuse, control, and change."  This might be likened to a patient coming to the emergency room with profuse bleeding, a broken leg, and a bloody lip and receiving treatment for only the profuse bleeding and having all other symptoms ignored as "distractions."  Present day psychotherapy is in agreement over very few things, but one is that when you treat a person with difficulties you must treat the whole person, not just one part.  Duluth intentionally treats only one part.



The Duluth model seems to take a very archaic approach to healing: force the client to order his reality in the way you want and hope that change may occur.  The energy is put into keeping the client "on topic", that is, the topic of their own dominating behaviors.   Then there seems to be a magical jump from this into the "hoped for" behavior change.  It's as if the model is saying "If we can keep this man focused on his dominant behaviors sooner or later he will change." There doesn't seem to be any explanation for this hoped for transformation nor any way to measure the outcome of the expected change.   The Duluth model seems to be more a way of thinking into which the clients must become indoctrinated rather than a theoretical healing framework.  The clients are forced to puppet back in the groups the words that harmonize with the group leaders ideas.  If they can do this it seems to be taken as a confirmation that change is taking place.  This of course is a dangerous assumption.


We have noted that the Duluth model fails to see the man as a whole, it assumes that the status quo of masculine behavior is to intentionally keep his woman down, and assumes that he is trained by his family and his culture to be dominant and violent.   These are all indicators of a profound anti-male bias in this model  The underlying and unspoken message is clear:  Men bad, women good.  Men perpetrators, women victims.  How can we expect a system to help people through a crisis if it carries such judgement and bias?   The vilification of one gender and the passive glorification of the other is blatantly sexist.   I know of no other psychological model that pre-judges its potential clients prior to treatment.  That's preposterous.  Perhaps this is a result of the Duluth model being originally linked to a heinous crime and therefore is naturally linked more to punishment than to healing.  It reads more like an indictment than a path toward healing.  Sexist theories have no place in government funded programs.

It seems clear to me that this model is inadequate and needs to be replaced.  It maintains a profound and consistent bias against men, lacks a connection with any accepted form of behavioral change,  leaves no explanation or treatment for female violence, and lacks any capacity to adjust treatment based on individual difference.   It seems to be more a biased and sexist way of thinking that is masquerading as a change agent.   The time has come to find more functional and balanced alternatives.
588
Looks like the next leader of the democratic party will be Nancy Pelosi.  Here's an article in the washington post about this.


This is not great news.  While this woman voted against the war amendment it looks like she is a rad fem.  Have a look at her site.  Pro VAWA, pro CEDAW, hell she has more about Afghani women than she does the men who are her constituents!
589
No More Connie Morella.  The VAWA queen of congress just lost the election.  Hooorayyyy!!!!!  Ding dong the witch is dead!!

:jump:  :jump:  :jump:
590
I am planning to respond to this and wanted any feedback you all may have to offer.  How many would you put a :pinocchio: on and why?

In a booklet I received in the mail from the Maryland Family Violence Council the first page after the table of contents begins the little 22 page booklet by saying:


If you are a victim of domestic violence, now is the time to protect yourself and those who count on you for saftey.
You don't deserve to be abused.  There is help.


FACTS

  1 out of every 4 American women (26%) report that they have been physically abused by a husband or boyfriend at some point in their lives.

 Every 15 seconds a woman is battered in the United States by her husband, boyfriend, or live-in partner.

 Women are 85-95% of the victims of intimate violence.

  Violence by an intimate accounts for about 21% of the violent crime experienced by women and about 2% of the violence sustained by males.

   At least 25% of domestic violence victims are pregnant when beaten.

  Domestic violence is the leading cause of serious injury to American women between ages 15 and 44, more common than automobile accidents, muggings and rapes combined.

 Between 50% and 70% of men who abuse their female partners also abuse their children.

 At least 3.3 million children between the ages of 3 and 19 are at risk of exposure to parental violence every year.

 One third of high school and college students experience violence in an intimate relationship during their dating years.
591
REFERENCES EXAMINING ASSAULTS BY WOMEN ON THEIR SPOUSES OR MALE PARTNERS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
 
Martin S. Fiebert
Department of Psychology
California State University, Long Beach

   SUMMARY:  This bibliography examines 122 scholarly  investigations, 99 empirical studies and 23 reviews and/or analyses, which demonstrate that women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive, than men in their relationships with their spouses or male partners.  The aggregate sample size in the reviewed studies exceeds 77,000.    

 
 
    Aizenman, M., & Kelley, G. (1988).  The incidence of violence and acquaintance rape in dating relationships among college men and women.  Journal of College Student Development, 29, 305-311.  (A sample of actively dating college students <204 women and 140 men> responded to a survey examining courtship violence.  Authors report that there were no significant differences between the sexes in self reported perpetration of physical abuse.)
   
Archer, J. (2000).  Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review.  Psychological Bulletin, In Press. (Meta-analyses of sex differences in physical aggression indicate that women were more likely than men to "use one or more acts of physical aggression and to use such acts more frequently."  In terms of injuries, women were somewhat more likely to be injured, and analyses reveal that  62% of those injured were women.)
   
Archer, J., & Ray, N. (1989).  Dating violence in the United Kingdom: a preliminary study.  Aggressive Behavior, 15, 337-343. (Twenty three dating couples completed the Conflict Tactics scale.  Results indicate that women were significantly more likely than their male partners to express physical violence.  Authors also report that, "measures of partner agreement were high" and that the correlation between past and present violence was low.)
     
Arias, I., Samios, M., & O'Leary, K. D. (1987).  Prevalence and correlates of physical aggression during courtship. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 82-90. (Used Conflict Tactics Scale with a sample of 270 undergraduates <95 men, 175 women> and found 30% of men and 49% of women reported using some form of  aggression in their dating histories with a greater percentage of women engaging in severe physical aggression.)
   
Arias, I., & Johnson, P. (1989).  Evaluations of physical  aggression among intimate dyads.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 298-307. (Used Conflict Tactics Scale-CTS- with a sample of 103 male and 99 female undergraduates. Both men and women had similar experience with dating violence, 19% of women and 18% of men admitted being physically aggressive.  A significantly greater percentage of women thought self-defense was a legitimate reason for men to be aggressive,  while a greater percentage of men thought slapping was a legitimate response for a man or woman if their partner was sexually unfaithful.)
   
Bernard, M. L., & Bernard, J. L. (1983).  Violent intimacy: The family as a model for love relationships.  Family Relations, 32, 283-286.  (Surveyed 461 college students, 168 men, 293 women, with regard to dating violence.  Found that 15% of the men admitted to physically abusing their partners, while 21% of women admitted to physically abusing their partners.)
   
Billingham, R. E., & Sack, A. R. (1986).  Courtship violence and the interactive status of the relationship.  Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 315-325.  (Using CTS with  526 university students <167 men, 359 women> found Similar rates of mutual violence but with women reporting higher rates of violence initiation when partner had not--9% vs 3%.)
   
Bland, R., & Orne, H. (1986).  Family violence and psychiatric disorder.  Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 129-137. (In interviews with 1,200 randomly selected Canadians <489 men, 711 women> found that women both engaged in and initiated violence at higher rates than their male partners.)
   
Bohannon, J. R., Dosser Jr., D. A., & Lindley, S. E. (1995). Using couple data to determine domestic violence rates: An attempt to replicate previous work.  Violence and Victims, 10, 133-41. (Authors report that in a sample of 94 military couples 11% of wives and 7% of husbands were physically aggressive, as reported by the wives.)
   
Bookwala, J., Frieze, I. H., Smith, C., & Ryan, K. (1992). Predictors of dating violence: A multi variate analysis. Violence and Victims, 7, 297-311.  (Used CTS with 305 college students <227 women, 78 men> and found that 133 women and 43 men experienced violence in a current or recent dating relationship.  Authors reports that "women reported the expression of as much or more violence in their relationships as men."  While most violence in relationships appears to be mutual--36% reported by women, 38% by men-- women report initiating violence with non violent partners more frequently than men <22% vs 17%>).
   
Brinkerhoff, M., & Lupri, E. (1988).  Interspousal violence. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 13, 407-434. (Examined Interspousal violence in a representative sample of 562 couples in Calgary, Canada. Used Conflict Tactics Scale and found twice as much wife-to-husband as husband-to-wife severe violence <10.7% vs 4.8%>.  The overall violence rate for husbands was 10.3% while the overall violence rate for wives was 13.2%. Violence was significantly higher in younger and childless couples. Results suggest that male violence decreased with higher educational attainment, while female violence increased.)
   
Brush, L. D. (1990). Violent Acts and injurious outcomes in    married couples: Methodological issues in the National Survey of Families and Households.  Gender & Society, 4, 56-67. (Used the Conflict Tactics scale in a large national survey, n=5,474, and found that women engage in same amount of spousal violence as men.)
   
Brutz, J., & Ingoldsby, B. B. (1984). Conflict resolution in Quaker families.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 21-26.  (Used Conflict Tactics Scale with a sample of 288 Quakers <130 men, 158 women> and found a slightly higher rate of female to male violence <15.2%> than male to female violence <14.6%>.)
   
Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E., & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988).  Gender identity, self-esteem, and physical and sexual abuse in dating relationships.  Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 272-285.  (A sample of 505 college students <298 women, 207 men> completed the CTS.  Authors reports that they found "no significant difference between men and women in reporting inflicting or sustaining physical abuse."  Specifically, within a one year period they found that 14% of the men and 18% of the women reported inflicting physical abuse, while 10% of the men and 14% of the women reported sustaining physical abuse.)
   
Carlson, B. E. (1987).  Dating violence: a research review and comparison with spouse abuse.  Social Casework, 68, 16-23. (Reviews research on dating violence and finds that men and women are equally likely to aggress against their partners and that "the frequency of aggressive acts is inversely related to the likelihood of their causing physical injury.")
   
Carrado, M., George, M. J., Loxam, E., Jones, L., & Templar, D. (1996).  Aggression in British heterosexual relationships: a descriptive analysis.  Aggressive Behavior, 22, 401-415.  (In a representative sample of British men <n=894> and women <n=971> it was found, using a modified version of the CTS, that 18% of the men and 13% of the women reported being victims of physical violence at some point in their heterosexual relationships.  With regard to current relationships, 11% of men and 5% of women reported being victims of partner aggression.)
   
Cascardi, M., Langhinrichsen, J., & Vivian, D. (1992).  Marital aggression: Impact, injury, and health correlates for husbands and wives.  Archives of Internal Medicine, 152, 1178-1184.  (Examined 93 couples seeking marital therapy. Found using the CTS and other information that 71% reported at least one incident of physical aggression in past year. While men and women were equally likely to perpetrate violence, women reported more severe injuries.  Half of the wives and two thirds of the husbands reported no injuries as a result of all aggression, but wives sustained more injuries as a result of mild aggression.)
   
Caulfield, M. B., & Riggs, D. S. (1992). The assessment of dating aggression: Empirical evaluation of the Conflict Tactics Scale.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 549-558. (Used CTS with a sample of 667 unmarried college students <268 men and 399 women> and found on a number of items significantly higher responses of physical violence on part of women.  For example, 19% of women slapped their male partner while 7% of men slapped their partners, 13% of women kicked, bit, or hit their partners with a fist while only 3.1% of men engaged in this activity.)
   
Claxton-Oldfield, S. & Arsenault, J. (1999). The initiation of physically aggressive behaviour by female university students toward their male partners: Prevalence and the reasons offered for such behaviors. Unpublished manuscript.  (In a sample of 168 actively dating female undergraduates at a Canadian university, 26% indicated that they initiated physical aggression toward their male partners. Most common reason for such behavior was because partner was not listening to them.)
   
Coney, N. S., & Mackey, W. C. (1999). The feminization of domestic violence in America: The woozle effect goes beyond rhetoric. Journal of Men's Studies, 8, (1) 45-58.  (Authors  review the domestic violence literature and report that while society in general as well as the media portray women as "recipients of domestic violence...epidemiological surveys on the distribution of violent behavior between adult partners suggest gender parity.")
   
Deal, J. E., & Wampler, K. S. (1986).  Dating violence: The primacy of previous experience.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 3, 457-471.  (Of 410 university students <295 women, 115 men> responding to CTS and other instruments, it was revealed that 47% experienced some violence in dating relationships. The majority of experiences were reciprocal.  When not reciprocal men were three times more likely than women to report being victims.  Violent experiences in previous relationships was the best predictor of violence in current relationships.)
   
DeMaris, A. (1992). Male versus female initiation of aggression: The case of courtship violence.  In E. C. Viano (Ed.), Intimate violence: interdisciplinary perspectives. (pp. 111-120).  Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis. (Examined a sample of 865 white and black college students with regard to the initiation of violence in their dating experience.  Found that 218 subjects, 80 men and 118 women, had experienced or expressed violence in current or recent dating relationships.  Results indicate that "when one partner could be said to be the usual initiator of violence, that partner was most  often the women.  This finding was the same for both black and white respondents.")
   
Ernst, A. A., Nick, T. G., Weiss, S. J., Houry, D., & Mills, T. (1997).  Domestic violence in an inner-city ED.  Annals of Emergency Medicine, 30, 190-197.  (Assessed 516 patients <233 men, 283 women> in a New Orleans inner-city emergency Department with the Index of Spousal Abuse, a scale to measure domestic violence.  Found that 28% of the men and 33% of the women <a nonsignificant difference>, were victims of past physical violence while 20% of the men and 19% of the women reported being current victims of physical violence.  In terms of ethnicity, 82% of subjects were African-American.  Authors report that there was a significant difference in the number of women vs. men who reported past abuse to the police ,19% of women, 6% of men.>)
   
Farrell, W. (1999). Women can't hear what men don't say.  New York: Tarcher/Putnam.  See Chapter 6. (Pp. 123-162; 323-329.)  An excellent social and political analysis of couple violence.)
   
Feather, N. T. (1996).  Domestic violence, gender and perceptions of justice.  Sex Roles, 35, 507-519.  (Subjects <109 men, 111 women> from Adelaide, South Australia, were presented a hypothetical scenario in which either a husband or wife perpetrated domestic violence.  Participants were significantly more negative in their evaluation of the husband than the wife, were more sympathetic to the wife and believed that the husband deserved a harsher penalty for his behavior.)
   
Fiebert, M. S., & Gonzalez, D. M. (1997).  Women who initiate assaults: The reasons offered for such behavior. Psychological Reports, 80, 583-590. (A sample of 968 women, drawn primarily from college courses in the Southern California area, were surveyed regarding their initiation of physical assaults on their male partners.  29% of the women, n=285, revealed that they initiated assaults during the past five years. Women in their 20's were more likely to aggress than women aged 30 and above.  In terms of reasons, women appear to aggress because they did not believe that their male victims would be injured or would retaliate.  Women also claimed that they assaulted their male partners because they wished to engage their attention, particularly emotionally.)
   
Fiebert, M. S. (1996). College students' perception of men as victims of women's assaultive behavior. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 82, 49-50. (Three hundred seventy one college students <91 men, 280 women> were surveyed regarding their knowledge and    acceptance of the research finding regarding female assaultive behavior. The majority of subjects (63%) were unaware of the finding that women assault men as frequently as men assault women; a slightly higher percentage of women than men (39% vs 32%) indicated an awareness of this finding.  With regard to accepting the validity of these findings a majority of subjects (65%) endorsed such a result with a slightly higher percentage of  men (70% vs 64%)indicating their acceptance of this finding.)
   
Flynn, C. P. (1990).  Relationship violence by women: issues and implications.  Family Relations, 36, 295-299.  (A review/analysis article that states, "researchers consistently have found that men and women in relationships, both marital and premarital engage in comparable amounts of violence."  Author also writes, "Violence by women in intimate relationships has received little attention from policy makers, the public, and until recently, researchers...battered men and abusive women have receive 'selective inattention' by both the media and researchers.")
     
Follingstad, D. R., Wright, S., & Sebastian, J. A. (1991).  Sex differences in motivations and effects in dating violence.  Family Relations, 40, 51-57.  (A sample of 495 college students <207 men, 288 women> completed the CTS and other instruments including a "justification of relationship violence measure."  The study found that women were twice as likely to report perpetrating dating violence as men.  Female victims attributed male violence to a desire to gain control over them or to retaliate for being hit first, while men believed that female aggression was a based on their female partner's wish to "show how angry they were and to retaliate for feeling emotionally hurt or mistreated.")
   
Foshee, V. A. (1996).  Gender differences in adolescent dating abuse prevalence, types and injuries.  Health Education Research, 11, (3) 275-286. (Data collected from 1965 adolescents in eighth and ninth grade in 14 schools in rural North Carolina. Results reveal that 36.5% of dating females and 39.4% of dating males report being victims of physical dating violence.  In terms of perpetrating violence 27.8% of females while only 15.0% of males report perpetrating violence.)
   
Gelles, R. J. (1994). Research and advocacy: Can one wear two hats?  Family Process, 33, 93-95. (Laments the absence  of objectivity on the part of "feminist" critics of research demonstrating female perpetrated domestic violence.)
   
George, M. J. (1994). Riding the donkey backwards: Men as the unacceptable victims of marital violence.  Journal of Men's Studies, 3, 137-159. (A thorough review of the literature which examines findings and issues related to men as equal victims of partner abuse.)
   
George, M. J. (1999). A victimization survey of female perpetrated assaults in the United Kingdom.  Aggressive Behavior, 25, 67-79. (A representative sample of 718 men and 737 women completed the CTS and reported their experience as victims of physical assaults by women during a five year period. Men reported greater victimization and more severe assaults than did women.  Specifically, 14% of men compared to 7% of women reported being assaulted by women. Highest risk group were single men.  The majority (55%) of assaults on men were perpetrated by spouses, partners, or former partners.)
   
Goldberg, W. G., & Tomlanovich, M. C. (1984).  Domestic violence victims in the emergency department.  JAMA, 251, 3259-3264.  (A sample of 492 patients <275 women, 217 men> who sought treatment in an emergency department in a Detroit hospital were survey regarding their experience with domestic violence.  Respondents were mostly African-American (78%), city dwellers (90%), and unemployed (60%).  Victims of domestic violence numbered 107 (22%).  While results indicate that 38% of victims were men and 62% were women this gender difference did not reach statistical significance.
   
Gonzalez, D. M. (1997).  Why females initiate violence: A study examining the reasons behind assaults on men.  Unpublished master's thesis, California State University, Long Beach.  (225 college women participated in a survey which examined their past history and their rationales for initiating aggression with male partners.  Subjects also responded to 8 conflict scenarios which provided information regarding possible reasons for the initiation of aggression.  Results indicate that 55% of the subjects admitted to initiating physical aggression toward their male partners at some point in their lives.  The most common reason was that aggression was a spontaneous reaction to frustration).
     
Goodyear-Smith, F. A. & Laidlaw, T. M. (1999). Aggressive acts and assaults in intimate relationships: Towards an understanding of the literature.  Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 17,285-304. (An up to date scholarly analysis of couple violence. Authors report that, "...studies clearly demonstrate that within the general population, women initiate and use violent behaviors against their partners at least as often as men."
   
Hampton, R. L., Gelles, R. J., & Harrop, J. W. (1989).  Is violence in families increasing?  A comparison of 1975 and 1985 National Survey rates.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 969-980.  (Compared a sample of 147 African Americans from the 1975 National Survey with 576 African Americans from the 1985 National Survey with regard to spousal violence.  Using the CTS found that the rate of overall violence (169/1000) of husbands to wives remained the same from 1975 to 1985, while the rate of overall violence for wives to husbands increased 33% (153 to 204/1000) from 1975 to 1985.  The rate of severe violence of husbands to wives decreased 43% (113 to 64/1000) from 1975 to 1985, while the rate of severe violence of wives to husbands increased 42% (76 to 108/1000) from 1975 to 1985.  In 1985 the rate of abusive violence by black women was nearly 3 times greater than the rate of white women.)
   
Harders, R. J., Struckman-Johnson, C., Struckman-Johnson, D. & Caraway, S. J. (1998).  Verbal and physical abuse in dating relationships.  Paper presented at the meeting of American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.  (Surveyed 289 college students <97 men, 186 women> using a revised formed of the Conflict Tactics Scale.  Found that women were significantly more physically aggressive than men, particularly in the areas of: pushing, slapping and punching.)
Headey, B., Scott, D., & de Vaus, D. (1999).  Domestic violence in Australia: Are women and men equally violent?  Data from the International Social Science Survey/ Australia 1996/97 was examined.  A sample of 1643 subjects (804 men, 839 women) responded to questions about their experience with domestic violence in the past 12 months.  Results reveal that 5.7% of men and 3.7% of women reported being victims of domestic assaults.  With regard to injuries results reveal that women inflict serious injuries at least as frequently as men.  For example 1.8% of men and 1.2% of women reported that their injuries required first  aid, while 1.5% of men and 1.1% of women reported that their injuries needed treatment by a doctor or nurse.
   
Henton, J., Cate, R., Koval, J., Lloyd, S., & Christopher, S. (1983).  Romance and violence in dating relationships.  Journal of Family Issues, 4, 467-482.  (Surveyed 644 high school students <351 men, 293 women> and found that abuse occurred at a rate of 121 per 1000 and appeared to be reciprocal with both partners initiating violence at similar rates.)
   
Hoff, B. H. (1999).  The risk of serious physical injury from assault by a woman intimate.  A re-examination of National Violence against women survey data on type of assault by an intimate.  WWW.vix.com/menmag/nvawrisk.htm.  (A re-examination of the data from the most recent National violence against women survey (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998) shows that "assaulted men are more likely than assaulted women to experience serious attacks by being hit with an object, beat up, threatened with a knife or being knifed.")
   
Jackson, S. M., Cram, F. & Seymour, F. W. (2000).  Violence and sexual coercion in high school students' dating relationships.  Journal of Family Violence, 15, 23-36.  (In a New Zealand sample of senior high school students <200 women, 173 men> 21% of women and 19% of men reported having been physically hurt by their heterosexual dating partner.)
   
Jouriles, E. N., & O'leary, K. D. (1985).  Interpersonal reliability of reports of marital violence.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 419-421. (Used the Conflict Tactics Scale with a sample of 65 couples in marriage therapy and 37 couples from the community.  Found moderate levels of agreement of abuse between partners and similar rates of reported violence between partners.)
   
Kalmuss, D. (1984).  The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 11-19.  (In a representative sample of 2,143 adults found that the rate of husband to wife severe aggression is 3.8% while the rate of wife to husband severe aggression is 4.6%.)
   
Kim, K., & Cho, Y. (1992). Epidemiological survey of spousal abuse in Korea.  In E. C. Viano (Ed.) Intimate Violence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. (pp. 277-282).  Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis.  (Utilized the Conflict Tactics scale in    interviews with a random sample of 1,316 married Koreans <707 women, 609 men>.  Compared to findings with American couples, results indicate that Korean men were victimized by their wives twice as much as American men, while Korean women were victimized by their spouses three times as much as American women.)
   
Lane, K., & Gwartney-Gibbs, P.A. (1985).  Violence in the context of dating and sex.  Journal of Family Issues, 6, 45-49. (Surveyed 325 students <165 men, 160 women> regarding courtship violence.  Used Conflict Tactics Scale and found equal rates of violence for men and women.)
   
Laner, M. R., & Thompson, J. (1982).  Abuse and aggression in courting couples.  Deviant Behavior, 3, 229-244. (Used Conflict Tactics Scales with a sample of 371 single individuals <129 men, 242 women> and found similar rates of male and female violence in dating relationships.)
     
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., & Vivian, D. (1994).  The correlates of spouses' incongruent reports of marital aggression. Journal of Family Violence, 9, 265-283.  (In a clinic sample of 97 couples seeking marital therapy, authors found, using a modified version of the CTS, that 61% of the husbands and 64% of the wives were classified as aggressive, 25% of the husbands and 11% of the wives were identified as mildly aggressive and 36% of husbands and 53% of wives were classified as severely aggressive.  Sixty-eight percent of couples were in agreement with regard to husband's overall level of aggression and 69% of couples were in agreement on wive's overall level of aggression. Aggression levels were identified as "nonviolent, mildly violent, or severely violent." Where there was disagreement, 65% of husbands <n=20> were under-reporting aggression and 35% of husbands <n=11> were over-reporting aggression; while 57% of wives <n=17> were under-reporting aggression and 43% of wives <n=13> were over-reporting aggression.)
   
Lillja, C. M. (1995).  Why women abuse: A study examining the function of abused men.  Unpublished master's thesis, California State University, Long Beach. (A review of the literature examining the issue of men as victims of female assaults.  Includes an original questionnaire to test assumption that women who lack social support to combat stress are likely to commit domestic violence.)
   
Lo, W. A., & Sporakowski, M. J. (1989).  The continuation of violent dating relationships among college students.  Journal of College Student Development, 30, 432-439.  (A sample of 422 college students completed the Conflict Tactics Scale.  Found that, "women were more likely than men to claim themselves as abusers and were less likely to claim themselves as victims.")
   
Lottes, I. L., & Weinberg, M. S. (!996).  Sexual coercion among university students: a comparison of the United States and Sweden.  Journal of Sex Research, 34, 67-76.  (A sample of 507 Swedish students <211 men, 359 women> and 407 U.S. students <129 men, 278 women> responded to items on the CTS.  Results reveal that 31% of U.S. men compared to 18% of Swedish men reported being victims of physical violence by female partners during the previous 12 months.  While 31% of U.S. women comparted to 19% of Swedish women reported being victims of physical violence by male partners during the previous 12 months.)
   
Macchietto, J. (1992).  Aspects of male victimization and female aggression: Implications for counseling men.  Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 14, 375-392. (Article reviews literature on male victimization and female aggression.)
     
Magdol, L., Moffitt, T. E., Fagan, J., Newman, D. L., & Silva, P. A. (1997).  Gender differences in partner violence in a birth cohort of 21 year Olds: bridging the gap between clinical and epidemiological approaches.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 68-78.  (Used CTS with a sample of 861  21 year Olds <436 men, 425 women> in New Zealand.  Physical violence perpetration was reported during the previous 12 months by 37.2% of women and 21.8% of men, with severe violence perpetration by women at 18.6% and men at 5.7%.)
   
Makepeace, J. M. (1986).  Gender differences in courtship violence victimization.  Family Relations, 35, 383-388. (A sample of 2,338 students <1,059 men, 1,279 women> from seven colleges were surveyed regarding their experience of dating violence.  Courtship violence was experienced by 16.7 % of respondents.  Authors report that "rates of commission of acts and initiation of violence were similar across gender."  In term of injury, both men (98%) and women (92%) reported "none or mild" effects of violence.)
   
Malone, J., Tyree, A., & O'Leary, K. D. (1989).  Generalization and containment: Different effects of past aggression for wives and husbands.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 687-697.  (In a sample of 328 couples it was found that men and women engaged in similar amounts of physical aggression within their families of origin and against their spouses. However, results indicate that women were more aggressive to their partners than men.  Aggression was more predictable for women, i.e., if women observed parental aggression or hit siblings they were more likely to be violent with their spouses.)
   
Margolin, G. (1987).  The multiple forms of aggressiveness between marital partners: how do we identify them?  Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 13 , 77-84.  (A paid volunteer sample of 103 couples completed the Conflict Tactics Scale.  It was found that husbands and wives perpetrated similar amounts of violence. Specifically, the incidence of violence, as reported by either spouse was: husband to wife =39; wife to husband =41.)
   
Marshall, L. L., & Rose, P. (1987).  Gender, stress and violence in the adult relationships of a sample of college students.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4, 299-316.  (A survey of 308 undergraduates <152 men, 156 women> revealed that 52% expressed and 62% received violence at some point in their adult relationships. Overall, women report expressing more physical violence than men.  Childhood abuse emerged as a predictor of violence in adult relationships.)
     
Marshall, L. L., & Rose, P. (1990).  Premarital violence: The impact of family of origin violence, stress and reciprocity.  Violence and Victims, 5, 51-64.  (454 premarital undergraduates <249 women, 205 men> completed the CTS and other scales. Overall, women reported expressing more violence than men, while men reported receiving more violence than women.  Female violence was also associated with having been abused as children.)
   
Mason, A., & Blankenship, V. (1987).  Power and affiliation motivation, stress and abuse in intimate relationships.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 203-210.  (Investigated 156 college students <48 men, 107 women> with the Thematic Apperception Test <TAT>, Life Experiences Survey and the CTS.  Found that there were no significant gender differences in terms of the infliction of physical abuse.  Men with high power needs were more likely to be physically abusive while highly stressed women with high needs for affiliation and low activity inhibition were the most likely to be physically abusive.  Results indicate that physical abuse occurred most often among committed couples.)
   
Matthews, W. J. (1984).  Violence in college couples.  College Student Journal, 18, 150-158.  (A survey of 351 college students <123 men and 228 women> revealed that 79 <22.8 %> reported at least one incident of dating violence.  Both men and women ascribed joint responsibility for violent behavior and both sexes, as either recipients or expressors of aggression, interpreted violence as a form of "love.")
   
Maxfield, M. G.  (1989).  Circumstances in supplementary homicide reports: Variety and validity.  Criminology, 27, 671-695.  (Examines FBI homicide data from 1976 through 1985.  Reports that 9,822 wives & common law wives <57%> were killed compared to 7,433 husbands and common law husbands <43%>).
   
McCarthy, A.  (2001.)  Gender differences in the incidences of, motives for, and consequences of, dating violence among college students.  Unpublished Master's thesis, California State University, Long Beach.  (In a sample of 1145 students <359 men, 786 women> found that 36% of men and 28% of women responding to the CTS2 reported that they were victims of physical aggression during the previous year.  There were no differences in reported motives for aggression between men and women.)
   
McKinney, K.  (1986).  Measures of verbal, physical and sexual dating violence by gender.  Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 14, 55-60.  (Surveyed 163 college students, 78 men, 85 women, with a questionnaire designed to assess involvement in dating abuse.  Found that 38% of women and 47% of men indicated that they were victims of physical abuse in dating relationships.  Also found that 26% of women and 21% of men acknowledged that they physically assaulted their dating partners.)
     
McLeod, M.  (1984).  Women against men: An examination of domestic violence based on an analysis of official data and national victimization data.  Justice Quarterly, 1, 171-193.  (From a data set of 6,200 cases of spousal abuse in the Detroit area in 1978-79 found that men used weapons 25% of the time while female assailants used weapons 86% of the time, 74% of men sustained injury and of these 84% required medical care.  Concludes that male victims are injured more often and more seriously than female victims.)
   
McNeely, R. L., & Mann, C. R. (1990).  Domestic violence is a human issue.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 129-132. (A review article which discusses the findings that women are more prone than men to engage in severely violent acts and that "classifying spousal violence as a women's issue rather than a human issue is erroneous.")
   
McNeely, R. L., & Robinson-Simpson, G. (1987).  The truth about domestic violence: A falsely framed issue. Social Work, 32, 485-490. (A review article which concludes that women are as violent as men in domestic relationships.)
   
Mercy, J. A., & Saltzman, L. E. (1989). Fatal violence among spouses in the United States, 1975-85.  American Journal of Public Health, 79, 595-599. (Examined FBI figures regarding spousal homicides.  During the 10 year period from 1975 to 1985 found higher murder rates of wives than husbands <43.4% vs 56.6%>.  Black husbands were at the greatest risk of victimization. Spousal homicide among blacks was 8.4 times higher than that of whites.  Spouse homicide rates were 7.7 times higher in interracial marriages and the risk of victimization for both whites and blacks increased as age differences between spouses increased.  Wives and husbands were equally likely to be killed by firearms <approximately 72% of the time> while husbands were more likely to be stabbed and wives more likely to bludgeoned to death.  Arguments apparently escalated to murder in 67% of spouse homicides.)
   
Meredith, W. H., Abbot, D. A., & Adams, S. L. (1986).  Family violence in relation to marital and parental satisfaction and family strengths.  Journal of Family Violence, 1, 299-305. (Authors report that 6% of men and 5% of women in Nebraska indicated that they used severe violence at least once in the previous year.)
     
Mihalic, S. W., & Elliot, D. (1997). A social learning theory model of marital violence.  Journal of Family Violence, 12, 21-46.  (Based on data from the National Youth Survey <see Morse, 1995> a social learning model of marital violence for men and women was tested.  For men ethnicity, prior victimization, stress and marital satisfaction predicted both perpetration and experience of minor violence.  With regard to serious violence ethnicity, prior victimization, marital satisfaction predicted men's experience of marital violence, while ethnicity, class and sex role attitudes predicted the perpetration of male marital violence.  For women the most important predictor of the experience of both minor and serious marital violence was marital satisfaction, class was also a predictor. With regard to female perpetrators of marital violence the witnessing of parental violence was an important predictor along with class and marital satisfaction. The social learning model worked better for women than men.)
   
Milardo, R. M. (1998).  Gender asymmetry in common couple violence.  Personal Relationships, 5, 423-438.  (A sample of 180 college students <88 men, 72 women> were asked whether they would be likely to hit their partner in a number of situations common to a dating relationship.  Results reveal that 83% of the women, compared to 53% of the men, indicated that they would be somewhat likely to hit their partner.)
   
Morse, B. J. (1995).  Beyond the Conflict Tactics Scale: Assessing gender differences in partner violence.  Violence and Victims, 10 (4) 251-272.  (Data was analyzed from the National Youth Survey, a longitudinal study begun in 1976 with 1,725 subjects who were  drawn from a probability sample of households in the United States and who, in 1976, were between the ages of 11-17.  This study focused on violence as assessed by the CTS between male and female married or cohabiting respondents during survey years 1983 <n=1,496>, 1986 <n=1,384>, 1989 <n=1,436>, and 1992 <n=1,340>.  For each survey year the prevalence rates of any violence and severe violence were significantly higher for female to male than for male to female.  For example, in 1983 the rate of any violence male to female was 36.7, while the rate of any violence female to male was 48; in 1986, the rate of severe violence male to female was 9.5, while the rate of severe violence female to male was 22.8.  In 1992, the rate of any violence male to female was 20.2, with a severe violence rate male to female of 5.7; while the rate of any violence female to male was 27.9, with a severe violence rate female to male of 13.8.  Author notes that the decline in violence over time is attributed to the increase in age of the subjects.  Results reveal <p. 163> that over twice as many women as men reported assaulting a partner who had not assaulted them during the study year."  In 1986 about 20% of both men and women reported that assaults resulted in physical injuries.  In other years women were more likely to self report personal injuries.)
     
Murphy, J. E. (1988).  Date abuse and forced intercourse among college students.  In G. P. Hotaling, D. Finkelhor, J. T. Kirkpatrick, & M. A. Straus (Eds.)  Family Abuse and its Consequences: New Directions in Research (pp. 285-296).  Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. (A sample of 485 single college students <230 men, 255 women> completed the CTS.  Overall men reported greater victimization than women.  For example, 20.7% of men compared to 12.8% of women reported being kicked, bit or hit with a fist and 6% of men compared to 3.6% of women reported being beaten up by their heterosexual partner.)
   
Mwamwenda, T. S. (1997).  Husband Battery among the Xhosa speaking people of Transkei, South Africa.  Unpublished manuscript, University of Transkei, S. A.  (Surveyed a sample of 138 female and 81 male college students in Transkei, South Africa, regarding their witnessing husbanding battery.  Responses reveal that 2% of subjects saw their mother beat their father, 18% saw or heard female relatives beating their husbands, and 26% saw or heard female neighbors beating their husbands.)
   
Nisonoff, L., & Bitman, I. (1979).  Spouse abuse: Incidence and relationship to selected demographic variables.  Victimology,  4, 131-140.  (In a sample of 297 telephone survey respondents <112 men, 185 women> found that 15.5% of men and 11.3% of women report having hit their spouse, while 18.6% of men and 12.7% of women report having been hit by their spouse.)
   
O'Keeffe, N. K., Brockopp, K., & Chew, E. (1986).  Teen dating violence.  Social Work, 31, 465-468.  (Surveyed 256 high school students from Sacramento, CA., 135 girls, 121 boys, with the CTS.  Ninety percent of students were juniors or seniors, the majority came from middle class homes, 94% were average or better students, and 65% were white and 35% were black, Hispanic or Asian.  Found that 11.9% of girls compared to 7.4% of boys admitted to being sole perpetrators of physical violence.  17.8% of girls and 11.6% of boys admitted that they were both "victims and perpetrators" of physical violence.)
   
O'Leary, K. D., Barling, J., Arias, I., Rosenbaum, A., Malone, J., & Tyree, A. (1989).  Prevalence and stability of physical aggression between spouses: A longitudinal analysis.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 263-268.  (272 couples were assessed regarding physical aggression.  More women reported physically aggressing against their partners at premarriage <44% vs 31%> and 18 months of marriage <36% vs 27%>.  At 30 months there was a nonsignificant but higher rate for women <32% vs 25%>.)
     
Plass, M. S., & Gessner, J. C. (1983).  Violence in courtship relations: a southern sample.  Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 11, 198-202.  (In an opportunity sample of 195 high school and college students from a large southern city, researchers used the Conflict Tactics scale to examine courtship violence. Overall, results reveal that women were significantly more likely than men to be aggressors.  Specifically, in, committed relationships, women were three times as likely as men to slap their partners, and to kick, bit or hit with the fist seven times as often as men.  In casual relationships, while the gender differences weren't as pronounced, women were more aggressive than men. Other findings reveal that high school students were more abusive than college students, and that a "higher proportion of black respondents were involved as aggressors.")
   
Riggs, D. S., O'Leary, K. D., & Breslin, F. C. (1990). Multiple correlates of physical aggression in dating couples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 61-73. (Used CTS and studied 408 college students <125 men and 283 women>.  Found that significantly more women <39%> than men <23%> reported engaging in physical aggression against their current partners.)
   
Rollins, B. C., & Oheneba-Sakyi, Y. (1990).  Physical violence in Utah households.  Journal of Family Violence, 5, 301-309.  (In a random sample of 1,471 Utah households, using the Conflict Tactics Scale, it was found that women's rate of severe violence was 5.3% compared to a male rate of 3.4%.)
   
Rouse, L. P. (1988).  Abuse in dating relationships: A comparison of Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics.  Journal of College Student Development, 29, 312-319.  (The use of physical force and its consequences were examined in a diverse sample of college students.  Subjects consisted of 130 whites <58 men, 72 women>, 64 Blacks <32 men, 32 women>, and 34 Hispanics <24 men, 10 women>.  Men were significantly more likely than women to report that their partners used moderate physical force and caused a greater number of injuries requiring medical attention.  This gender difference was present for Whites and Blacks but not for Hispanics.)
   
Rosenfeld, R. (1997).  Changing relationships between men and women.  A note on the decline in intimate partner violence.  Homicide Studies, 1, 72-83.  (Author reports on homicide rates in ST. Louis from 1968-1992.  Findings indicate that while men and women were equally likely to be victims of partner violence  in 1970, in subsequent years men, primarily black men, were more likely to be murdered by their intimate partners.)
     
Rouse, L. P., Breen, R., & Howell, M. (1988).  Abuse in intimate relationships.  A Comparison of married and dating college students.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 3, 414-429. (A sample of 130 married (48 men, 82 women) college students and 130 college students in dating relationships (58 men, 72 women) reported their experience of physical abuse in intimate relationships.  Men were more likely to report being physically abused than women in both dating and marital relationships.)
   
Russell, R. J. H., & Hulson, B. (1992).  Physical and psychological abuse of heterosexual partners.  Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 457-473.  (In a pilot study in Great Britain 46 couples responded to the Conflict Tactics Scale.  Results reveal that husband to wife violence was: Overall violence= 25% and severe violence= 5.8%; while wife to husband violence was: Overall violence= 25% and severe violence=11.3%.)
   
Ryan, K. A. (1998).  The relationship between courtship violence and sexual aggression in college students.  Journal of Family Violence, 13, 377-394.  (A sample of 656 college students <245 men, 411 women> completed the CTS.  Thirty four percent of the women and 40% of the men reported being victims of their partner's physical aggression.)
   
Sack, A. R., Keller, J. F., & Howard, R. D. (1982).  Conflict tactics and violence in dating situations.  International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 12, 89-100.  (Used the CTS with a sample of 211 college students, 92 men, 119 women.  Results indicate that there were no differences between men and women with regard to the expression of physical violence.)
   
Saenger, G. (1963). Male and female relations in the American comic strip.  In D. M. White & R. H. Abel (Eds.), The funnies, an American idiom (pp. 219-231). Glencoe, NY: The Free Press.  (Twenty consecutive editions of all comic strips in nine New York City newspapers in October, 1950 were examined.   Results reveal that husbands were victims of aggression in 63% of conflict situations while wives were victims in 39% of situations.  In addition, wives were more aggressive in 73% of domestic situations, in 10% of situations, husbands and wives were equally aggressive and in only 17% of situations were husbands more violent than wives.)
   
Schafer, J., Caetano, R., & Clark, C. L. (1998).  Rates of intimate partner violence in the United States.  American journal of Public Health, 88, 1702-1704.  (Used modified CTS and examined reports of partner violence in a representative sample of 1635 married and cohabiting couples.  Both partners reports were used to estimate the following lower and upper bound rates: 5.21% and 13.61% for male to female violence, and 6.22% and 18.21 % for female to male violence.)
   
Shook, N. J., Gerrity, D. A., Jurich, J. & Segrist, A. E. (2000).  Journal of Family Violence, 15, 1-22.  (A modified Conflict Tactics Scale was administered to 572 college students <395 women; 177 men>.  Results reveal that significantly more women than men, 23.5% vs 13.0%, admitted using physical force against a dating partner.)
   
Sigelman, C. K., Berry, C. J., & Wiles, K. A. (1984).  Violence in college students' dating relationships.  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 5, 530-548.  (Surveyed 504 college students <116 men, 388 women> with the Conflict Tactics Scale and found that men and women were similar in the overall amount of violence they expressed but that men reported experiencing significantly more violence than women.)
   
Sommer, R. (1994).  Male and female partner abuse: Testing a diathesis-stress model.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.  (The study was in two waves: the first was from 1989-1990 and included a random sample of 452 married or cohabiting women and 447 married or cohabiting men from Winnipeg, Canada; the second was from 1991-1992 and included 368 women and 369 men all of whom participated in the first wave. Subjects completed the CTS & other assessment instruments. 39.1% of women reported being physically aggressive  (16.2% reporting having perpetrated severe violence) at some point in their relationship with their male partner.  While 26.3% of men reported being physically aggressive (with 7.6% reporting perpetrating severe violence) at some point in their relationship with their female partner. Among the perpetrators of partner abuse, 34.8% of men and 40.1% of women reported observing their mothers hitting their fathers.  Results indicate that 21% of "males' and 13% of females' partners required medical attention as a result of a partner abuse incident." Results also indicate that "10% of women and 15% of men perpetrated partner abuse in self defense.")
   
Sommer, R., Barnes, G. E. & Murray, R. P. (1992).  Alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse, personality and female perpetrated     spouse abuse.  Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 1315-1323. (The responses from a subsample of 452 women drawn from a sample of 1,257 Winnipeg residents were analyzed.  Using the CTS, it was found that 39% of women physically aggressed against their male partners at some point in their relationship. Younger women with high scores on Eysenck's P scale were most likely to perpetrate violence.  Note: The sample of subjects is the same as the one cited in Sommer's 1994 dissertation.)
   
Sorenson, S. B., & Telles, C. A. (1991).  Self reports of spousal violence in a Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white      population.  Violence and Victims, 6, 3-15. (Surveyed 1,243 Mexican-Americans and 1,149 non-Hispanic whites and found that women compared to men reported higher rates of hitting, throwing objects, initiating violence, and striking first more than once.  Gender difference was significant only for non-Hispanic whites.)
     
Spencer, G. A., & Bryant, S. A. (2000).  Dating violence: A comparison of rural, suburban and urban teens.  Journal of Adolescent Health, 25 (5) 302-305.  (A sample of 2094 high school students in upper New York State indicated their experience of physical dating violence.  There were a similar number of boys and girls surveyed, with more subjects from urban areas than rural or suburban areas.  The majority of subjects were white non-Hispanic.  Males in each region were more likely to report being victims of physical dating violence than females in each region.  Specifically, 30% of rural boys and 20% of urban and 20% of suburban boys reported being victims of partner physical aggression while 25% of rural girls and 16% of suburban and 13% of urban girls reported victimization.)
     
Steinmetz, S. K. (1977-78).  The battered husband syndrome.  Victimology: An International Journal, 2, 499-509. (A pioneering article suggesting that the incidence of husband beating was similar to the incidence of wife beating.)
   
Steinmetz, S. K. (1980).  Women and violence: victims and perpetrators. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 34, 334-350. (Examines the apparent contradiction in women's role as victim and perpetrator in domestic violence.)
   
Steinmetz, S. K. (1981).  A cross cultural comparison of marital abuse.  Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 8, 404-414.  (Using a modified version of the CTS, examined marital violence in small samples from six societies: Finland, United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Belize, and Israel <total n=630>.  Found that "in each society the percentage of husbands who used violence was similar to the percentage of violent wives."  The major exception was Puerto Rico where men were more violent.  Author also reports that, "Wives who used violence... tended to use greater amounts.")
   
Stets, J. E. & Henderson, D. A. (1991).  Contextual factors surrounding conflict resolution while dating: results from a national study.  Family Relations, 40, 29-40.  (Drawn from a random national telephone survey, daters <n=277; men=149, women=128> between the ages of 18 and 30, who were single, never married and in a relationship during the past year which lasted at least two months with at least six dates were examined with the Conflict Tactics Scale.  Findings reveal that over 30% of subjects used physical aggression in their relationships, with 22% of the men and 40% of the women reported using some form of physical aggression.  Women were "6 times more likely than men to use severe aggression <19.2% vs. 3.4%>...Men were twice as likely as women to report receiving severe aggression <15.7% vs. 8%>."  Also found that younger subjects and those of lower socioeconomic status <SES> were more likely to use physical aggression.)
   
Stets, J. E., & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1987).  Violence in dating relationships, Social Psychology Quarterly, 50, 237-246.  (Examined a college sample of 505 white students.  Found that men and women were similar in both their use and reception of violence.  Jealousy was a factor in explaining dating violence for women.)
     
Stets, J. E. & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1989).  Patterns of physical and sexual abuse for men and women in dating relationships: A descriptive analysis,  Journal of Family Violence, 4, 63-76.  (Examined a sample of 287 college students <118 men and 169 women> and found similar rates for men and women of low level physical abuse in dating relationships.  More women than men were pushed or shoved <24% vs 10%> while more men than women were slapped <12% vs 8%>.  In term of unwanted sexual contact 22% of men and 36% of women reported such behavior.  The most frequent category for both men <18%> and women <19%> was the item, "against my will my partner initiated necking".)
   
Stets, J. E., & Straus, M. A. (1990).  Gender differences in  reporting marital violence and its medical and psychological consequences.  In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.),  Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families (pp. 151-166).  New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. (Reports information regarding the initiation of violence.  In a sample of 297 men and 428 women, men said they struck the first blow in 43.7% of cases, and their partner hit first in 44.1% of cases and could not disentangle who hit first in remaining 12.2%.  Women report hitting first in 52.7% of cases, their partners in 42.6% and could not disentangle who hit first in remaining 4.7%.  Authors conclude that violence by women is not primarily defensive.)
   
Straus, M. (1980). Victims and aggressors in marital violence.  American Behavioral Scientist, 23, 681-704. (Reviews data from the 1975 National Survey.  Examined a subsample of 325 violent couples and found that in 49.5% of cases both husbands and wives committed at least one violent act, while husbands alone were violent in 27.7% of the cases and wives alone were  violent in 22.7% of the cases.  Found that 148 violent husbands had an average number of 7.1 aggressive acts per year while the 177 violent wives averaged 6.8 aggressive acts per year.)
   
Straus, M. A. (1993). Physical assaults by wives: A major social problem. In R. J. Gelles & D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence pp. 67-87.  Newbury Park, CA:Sage.  (Reviews literature and concludes that women initiate physical assaults on their partners as often as men do.)
     
Straus, M. A. (1995).  Trends in cultural norms and rates of partner violence: An update to 1992.  In S. M. Stich & M. A. Straus (Eds.)  Understanding partner violence: Prevalence, causes, consequences, and solutions (pp. 30-33).  Minneapolis, MN: National Council on Family Relations. (Reports finding that while the approval of a husband slapping his wife declined dramatically from 1968 to 1994 <21% to 10%> the approval of a wife slapping her husband did not decline but remained at 22% during the same period.  The most frequently mentioned reason for slapping for both partners was sexual unfaithfulness.  Also reports that severe physical assaults by men declined by 48% from 1975 to 1992--38/1000 to 19/1000 while severe assaults by women did not change from 1975 to 1992 and remained above 40/1000.  Suggests that public service announcements should be directed at female perpetrated violence and that school based programs "explicitly recognize and condemn violence by girls as well as boys.")
   
Straus, M. A. (1998).  The controversy over domestic violence by women: A methodological, theoretical, and sociology of science analysis.  Paper presented at Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, Claremont, CA.  (Examines issue of differential rates of assaults between crime studies and couple conflict studies. Provides a sociological explanation to account for assaults by women within the family.)
   
Straus, M. A., & Gelles, R. J. (1986).  Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two    national surveys.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 465-479. (Reviewed data from two large sample national violence    surveys of married couples and report that men and women assaulted each other at approximately equally rates, with women engaging in minor acts of violence at a higher rate than men. Sample size in 1975 survey=2,143; sample size in 1985 survey=6,002.)
   
Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (1981).  Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family, Garden City, NJ: Anchor.  (Reports findings from National Family Violence survey conducted in 1975.  In terms of religion, found that Jewish men had the lowest rates of abusive spousal violence (1%), while Jewish women had a rate of abusive spousal violence which was more than double the rate for Protestant women <7%>, pp. 128-133.  Abusive violence was defined as an "act which has a high potential for injuring the person being hit," pp.21-2.)
   
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996).  The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2).  Development and preliminary psychometric data.  Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283-316.  (The revised CTS has clearer differentiation between minor and severe violence and new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury.  Used the CTS2 with a sample of 317 college students <114 men, 203 women> and found that: 49% of men and 31% of women reported being a victim of physical assault by their partner; 38% of men and 30% of women reported being a victim of sexual coercion by their partner; and 16% of men and 14% of women reported being seriously injured by their partners.)
   
Straus, M. A., & Kaufman Kantor, G. (1994, July).  Change in spouse assault rates from 1975-1992: A comparison of three national surveys in the United States.  Paper presented at the Thirteenth World Congress of Sociology, Bielefeld, Germany.  (Reports that the trend of decreasing severe assaults by husbands found in the National Survey from 1975 to 1985 has continued in the 1992 survey while wives maintained higher rates of assault.)
   
Straus, M. A.,  Kaufman Kantor, G., & Moore, D. W. (1994, August).  Change in cultural norms approving marital violence from 1968 to 1994.  Paper presented at the American Sociological Association, Los Angeles, CA.  (Compared surveys conducted in 1968 <n=1,176>, 1985 <n=6,002>, 1992 <n=1,970>, and 1994 <n=524>, with regard to the approval of facial slapping by a spouse.  Approval of slapping by husbands decreased from 21% in 1968 to 13% in 1985, to 12% in 1992, to 10% in 1994.  The approval of slapping by wives was 22% in 1968 and has not declined over the years.)
   
Straus, M. A., & Mouradian, V. (1999). (Study of college students report of injuries suffered in dating situations).  Unpublished data.  ((In a study of 1,034 dating couples AT 2 US universities injury rates based on responses to the revised CTS (CTS2) revealed that 9.9% of men and 9.4% of women report being injured by the opposite sex.  In terms of inflicting injuries, 10.1% men and 8.0% indicated that they inflicted injuries on their partners.)
   
Sugarman, D. B., & Hotaling, G. T. (1989). Dating violence:  Prevalence, context, and risk markers.  In M. A. Pirog-Good & J. E. Stets (Eds.)  Violence in dating relationships: Emerging social issues (pp.3-32).  New York: Praeger.  (Reviewed 21 studies of dating behavior and found that women reported having expressed violence at higher rates than men--329 per 1000 vs 393 per 1000.)
   
Szinovacz, M. E. (1983). Using couple data as a methodological tool: The case of marital violence.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 633-644. (Used Conflict Tactics Scale with 103 couples and found that the wives' rates of physical aggression was somewhat higher than husbands'.)
   
Tang, C. S. (1994).  Prevalence of spouse aggression in Hong Kong.  Journal of Family Violence, 9, 347-356.  (Subjects were 382 undergraduates <246 women, 136 men> at the Chinese University in Hong Kong. The CTS was used to assess students' evaluation of their parents responses during family conflict.  14% of students reported that their parents engaged in physical violence.  "Mothers were as likely as fathers to use actual physical force toward their spouses.")
     
Thompson Jr., E. H. (1990).  Courtship violence and the male role.  Men's Studies Review, 7, (3) 1, 4-13.  (Subjects were 336 undergraduates <167 men, 169 women> who completed a modified version of the CTS.  Found that 24.6% of men compared to 28.4% of women expressed physical violence toward their dating partners within the past two years.  Found that women were twice as likely as men to slap their partners.)
   
Thompson Jr., E. H. (1991).  The maleness of violence in data relationships: an appraisal of stereotypes.  Sex Roles, 24, 261-278.  (In a more extensive presentation of his 1990 article, the author concludes that, "a more masculine and/or less feminine gender orientation and variations in relationship seriousness proved to be the two strongest predictors of both men's and women's involvement in courtship violence.")
   
Tyree, A., & Malone, J. (1991).  How can it be that wives hit husbands as much as husbands hit wives and none of us knew it?  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association.  (Reviews the literature and discusses results from their study attempting to predict spousal violence.  Found that women's violence is correlated with a history of hitting siblings and a desire to improve contact with partners.)
   
Vivian, D., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (1996).  Are bi-directionally violent couples mutually victimized? In L. K. Hamberger &  C. Renzetti (Eds.)  Domestic partner abuse (pp. 23-52). New York: Springer.  (Authors found using a modified version of the CTS, that in a sample of 57 mutually aggressive couples,  there were no significant differences between husbands' and wives' reports concerning the frequency and severity of assault victimization.  With regard to injuries, 32 wives and 25 husbands reported the presence of a physical injury which resulted from partner aggression.)
     
Waiping, A. L., & Sporakowski, M. J. (1989).  The continuation of violent dating relationships among college students.  Journal of College Student Development, 30, 432-439.  (Using a modified version of the CTS, authors examined courtship violence in a sample of 422 college students <227 women, 195 men>.  Women more often than men <35.3% vs 20.3%> indicated that they physically abused their partners.)
     
White, J. W., & Humphrey, (1994).  Women's aggression in heterosexual conflicts.  Aggressive Behavior, 20, 195-202.  (Eight hundred and twenty nine women <representing 84% of entering class of women> 17 and 18 years old, entering the university for the first time completed the CTS and other assessment instruments.  Results reveal that 51.5% of subjects used physical aggression at least once in their prior dating relationships and, in the past year, 30.2% reported physically aggressing against their male partners.  Past use of physical aggression was the best predictor of current aggression.  The witnessing and experiencing of parental aggression also predicted present aggression.)
   
White, J. W., & Kowalski, R. M. (1994). Deconstructing the myth of the nonaggressive woman: A feminist analysis.  Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 487-508. (A review and analysis which acknowledges that "women equal or exceed men
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#2 in the series of fact sheets on DV from mensactivism.org


Getting the Facts: Research About Domestic Violence Against Men



Q: How prevalent is domestic violence against men? What sources support this?

Research in the field of domestic violence over the past 25 years has generally shown that men and women act violent in relationships at about the same rate. Furthermore, men and women are equally likely to instigate violence against one another. The truth is surprisingly egalitarian: about half of all domestic violence occurs with both partners abusing each other. 25% occurs with only men assaulting women, and the other 25% occurs with only women assaulting men. [1]

The Fiebert Bibliography, described at the end of this flyer, lists over 100 studies which show that women are as likely, or more likely, to commit abuse in relationships as men. Dr. Murray Straus, a UNH Sociologist, founder and co-director of the Family Research Lab, is the author or co-author of several of these studies.

Q: But don't women only hit men in self defense?

Contrary to popular belief, women don't only hit in self-defense, which has been proven many times over in domestic violence research. Dr. Murray Straus himself was surprised to find that women hit first just as often as men do, and has confirmed this result many times to be certain. [2]

Q: But don't other studies contradict this information? What about Department of Justice Studies?

Older DoJ studies tended to find that women are the majority of victims of domestic violence. But as time has gone on, the number of abused men has gone up. In fact, in the most recent DoJ study on domestic violence, 1.5 million women and 835,000 men were found to have been battered. That means that 36% of domestic violence victims are men. On top of that, men have always been underreported in crime surveys such as the DoJ studies.

Q: Why are men under-reported in crime studies about domestic violence?

Many crime studies are done by telephone, and when a man is told that he is responding to a "crime survey," he is less likely to report abuse than a woman. Both men and women tend to think of domestic abuse as a personal matter and not a crime, but with men this misperception is much stronger, especially since domestic violence campaigns have made women more aware of this problem as a crime.

Other crime surveys are derived from police arrest logs, and here bias against men exists strongly. Police are much more likely to arrest a man than a woman when fielding a domestic dispute call, and lobbying by women's groups and biased police training manuals (which always refer to the victim as "she" or "her" and the perpetrator as "he" or "him") contribute to the underreporting of men.

Q: I find it hard to believe that so many popular domestic violence statistics are false. Why would researchers lie about domestic violence?

It actually isn't so much that the researchers are "lying" about their information, but the sources and research methods that they have used are strongly biased against men.

The most fair studies on domestic violence don't rely on crime surveys or police statistics, but rather on surveys which ask about specific abusive events. When men and women are asked direct questions about whether certain acts of violence have occurred, the results give a clearer picture of family violence than whether certain acts are a "crime" or if they resulted in an arrest.

Some misinformation, however, is the result of an overzealous media which has done a poor job at verifying their news stories.

For example, during the 1993 Super Bowl, it was announced throughout the country that battered women's shelters reported a sharp increase in calls during Super Bowl Sunday. Sources from The Boston Globe to CBS News reported this fact, which was found to be entirely false. [3] In another case, several major newspapers reported that according to a March of Dimes study, domestic violence was the leading cause of birth defects. Once again, it was found that this study never existed. [4]

Perhaps you've even heard of these "facts" and repeated them without knowing that they were false. The extent to which misinformation about domestic violence exists in our society is often disturbing and this misinformation needs to be challenged.

Q: Where can I find more information about domestic violence research?

The following books are readable, secondary sources which deal with the subject of battered men:

Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence, by Philip Cook

Women Can't Hear What Men Don't Say, by Warren Farrell

When She Was Bad: Violent Women and the Myth of Innocence,  by Patricia Pearson

Behind Closed Doors, by Murray Straus, Richard Gelles, and Suzanne Steinmetz is also a readable overview of domestic violence research written by some important researchers in the field.

Violent Touch: Breaking Through the Stereotype, by David Fontes. Published on-line by SAFE (Stop Abuse for Everyone) at: www.safe4all.org/essays/vtbreak.pdf


If you're interested in looking at primary sources of information, please pick up the Fiebert research bibliography packet. You can also find it on the web at the following URL:

www.csulb.edu/~mfiebert/assault.htm

SUMMARY: This bibliography examines 122 scholarly  investigations, 99 empirical studies and 23 reviews and/or analyses, which demonstrate that women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive, than men in their relationships with their spouses or male partners.  The aggregate sample size in the reviewed studies exceeds 77,000.

Conclusions:

There is a great deal of sound research which supports the existence of battered men and these men are in need of resources to help them. The question is how to inform the public and media about the gross misconceptions people have about domestic violence, and we hope you will consider doing something this month to help stop the spread of misinformation about the serious social problem of domestic violence.

Domestic violence is not a gender issue.


Notes:

1: Interview with Prof. Murray Straus of the UNH Family Research Lab. www.vortxweb.net/gorgias/mens_issues/straus_interview.html

2: Ibid

3: Christina Hoff-Sommers, Who Stole Feminism?

4: Ibid.
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This excellent fact sheet is one of three available via the mensactism.org web site.


Common Questions About Domestic Abuse Against Men

Q: Why haven't I heard much about this problem?

A: A number of factors contribute to the lack of awareness about domestic violence against men. Men know that there is little support they will receive if they tell others they were abused by their girlfriends or wives, and are more likely to be ridiculed than taken seriously. Men are expected to take abuse "like a man" and not complain.

There are many social messages which tell us that it is OK for a woman to hit a man. On television, women slapping men in the face or kicking them in the groin is often portrayed as a justifiable act, sometimes even as humor. Rather than thinking that a woman hitting a man is violence, we are led to think, "he must have done something rude to her to deserve being hit."

This double standard also contributes to the under-reporting of domestic violence against men. Both men and women are much less likely to think of it as a crime for a woman to hit a man than the other way around.

Sadly, the women's movement, which has done an incredible job of raising awareness of domestic violence against women, has not been particularly supportive of abused men. Erin Pizzey, a founder of the battered women's shelter movement, has been very outspoken about the need for male shelters and services, but has been silenced at every opportunity. [1] Richard Gelles, a leading sociologist in domestic violence research, has also written extensively on the political activism which has attempted to undermine the credibility of domestic violence against men. [2]

Q: But aren't women injured more than men?

A: Yes and no. When it comes to physical abuse, men are on average larger and stronger than women. However, women can easily make up for this inequity by using weapons, anything from kitchen knives to a frying pan. And according to the statistics, they do. [3] Women also don't only attack in self defense. A great deal of research has repeatedly confirmed that women are as likely to initiate a violent fight with their partner as men.

The physical abuse of children by mothers is yet another example where women have a physical advantage over their victims, and is a rarely-acknowledged aspect of domestic violence.

Also, domestic violence isn't just about hitting. A violent relationship is also when one person controls the other's self-esteem through manipulation, threats, and coercive actions. Many men are quite vulnerable to emotional manipulation by women, and some men have been emotionally destroyed over the years through verbal abuse from their partner. The scars from emotional battering are often just as painful as those from physical abuse, if not more so.

Q: Why don't men leave violent relationships?

A: Often, for the very same reasons that women don't leave violent partners. Men can have as much psychological dependency in a relationship as women, and still care about and want to support their partner. Men don't typically have the kind of emotional support network with their friends the way many women do, so this dependency can be very strong.

Also, married men with children know that in divorce court, it is very difficult for fathers to gain full custody of their children. Often, abusive wives are abusive mothers, and many fathers choose to endure abuse, sacrificing their own physical safety and sanity, rather than leave the children they love unprotected and at the mercy of a violent mother.

Q: So what's the solution?

A: The solution must first begin with the acknowledgment of battered men and a willingness to listen to their pain. Talk to your friends and family about the problem - you may be surprised at the number of men who have dealt with abuse, even those who never acknowledged it this way themselves.

Shelters and hotlines which serve men are also a much needed resource. Many men have nowhere to turn for help, and this needs to change. There are only a handful of shelters and phone lines which were created to serve abused men, compared to hundreds across the country for women.


Q: What should I do if I know a man who is being abused?

A: First, be willing to listen and provide support for this person - remember, he probably doesn't have anyone else to turn to. Contact a local domestic violence shelter and ask if they know of any shelters or resources for men. Also see the section on Advocacy and Services below.

Q: Where can I find more information about domestic violence against men?

A: There are many informational resources on the internet about abused men, including the following:



Research

Domestic Violence Research at UNH:

www.unh.edu/frl

The work of Dr. Murray Straus, a UNH Sociology professor for over 30 years and founder and co-director of the UNH Family Research Lab, has been instrumental in raising awareness of the domestic abuse of men. His groundbreaking work in domestic violence has been replicated and confirmed by more than a hundred other studies, which all found that men and women are assaulted by their partner at about equal rates.


The Fiebert Bibliography:

www.csulb.edu/~mfiebert/assault.htm

This 20-page bibliography examines more than 100 studies which demonstrate that women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive, than men in their relationships with their spouses or male partners.


Mensactivism.org Research Flyer:

www.mensactivism.org/dv_flyers.shtml

Please see our research flyers for more information about domestic violence research.



Advocacy and Services


The Battered Men's Helpline

www.noexcuse4abuse.org

As one of the few resources in the country that was created to serve abused men, the Battered Men's Helpline is a non-profit organization which supports battered men with a toll-free hotline. Their number is 1-877-643-1120, access code 0757. They are based in the Portland, Maine area but have assisted men all over the country.


SAFE: Stop Abuse For Everyone

www.safe4all.org

SAFE is a non-profit organization advocating for underrepresented domestic violence populations, including straight and gay men. The website has an international list of local resources, an online support group, references to research, news, essays, and  offers training programs on how to provide services for these populations.



Domestic Violence Against Men:

www.dvmen.org

This web site also has many essays and resources about domestic violence against men and services for battered men.



Gay Men's Domestic Violence Project:

www.gmdvp.org

While most of the information presented in this flyer has referred to heterosexual relationships, domestic violence can also occur against gay men. GMDVP offers shelter, guidance, and resources to allow gay, bisexual, and transgender men in crisis to remove themselves from violent situations and relationships. They are based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.



News and Media Reports


The Men's Activism News Network:

www.mensactivism.org

Tracks news stories on men's issues, including domestic violence against men. Encourages activism through awareness and letter writing campaigns.



The DesertLight Journal:

www.desertlightjournal.homestead.com

An e-mail newsletter edited by Trudy Schuett, which also tracks news on men's issues, focusing on domestic violence and father's issues.



Notes:

1: Erin Pizzey authored a book, Prone to Violence, in which she described the resistance to her efforts to create the first shelters for battered men and women in Britain. Pizzey received death threats from women's groups shortly after writing it for supporting shelters which serve battered men.

2. Gelles, Richard J. Who's abusing whom?: Domestic violence and political correctness, The Women's Quarterly, Fall 1999.

3. 1992 National Alcohol and Family Violence Survey, conducted by Dr. Glenda Kaufman-Kantor from the UNH Family Research Lab
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Senator Mikulski

Thank you for your letter of 9-11-02 in response to my previous letter
voicing my concerns about the VAWA and the resulting sexism.

I have followed your suggestion and contacted the Family Violence Council
within the office of the Attorney General of Maryland.  I had a refreshing
conversation with Ms Smith about the invisibility of male victims of
domestic violence and the lack of treatment options open to them.  She
offered both surprise and concern over the new information of our
conversation.  She was very helpful in both listening to my concerns
and in sending me a number of informative brochures.  I found in one
of the brochures a telephone number of a statewide hotline for information
on issues related to domestic violence.  I called them and asked about the
treatment of male victims.  I was told that statewide the men were placed in motels.  
They are not allowed into the shelters.  This is true across the entire
state of Maryland.  There is not a single facility in Maryland that will accept a male victim.  
This even though men comprise 38% of the victims.  I asked her why this was
the policy and she said that it was for the safety and comfort of the women victims.  
This seems prepostorous to me.  In order to have one victim feel comfortable
you deny services to others?  Ridiculous!  I asked her for her name but she
refused to identify herself.

This is sexism.  There is no other explanation.  I am asking you as my
Senator to take action to insure that the gender neutral intent of the VAWA,
as you have claimed it to be, is carried out in our state.  As of this
moment it is certainly not being carried out in a gender neutral manner.
Men are being denied equal services.

Furthermore, I think it is critical that the types of treatment offered by
these groups be evaluated immediately.  Their unwillingness to even admit men
into their shelters seems suspect and calls into question their potential misandry.  
I would appreciate your help in finding details about the treatment regimes of
these facilities.   What are the underlying theorhetical frameworks they utilize?  Importantly, what are their feelings towards men?  Have there been previous peer reviewed
evaluations on the clinical treatments offered?  Have these evaluations been done by professionals familiar with the treamtent of men?  I would very much appreciate it if you would send to me information that may answer these questions.

Please let me know what action you will be taking in this serious matter.

Thank you,

Dr Evil
595
Do you want to keep the political threads in the History and Politics folder?  Or do you like them mixed up in the different forums?  

Vote here
596
It has been suggested that we hide the membership list information from registered users or lurkers.  What do you think would be best?  Hiding the information or leaving it open for all to see?

Comments welcome.
597
Main / What avatar for David????
Sep 21, 2002, 02:22 PM
This is for Kitty and DJ.

Okay so what avatar for David?  :lol:
598
Main / How about a poll???
Sep 19, 2002, 01:15 PM
Here's a poll.  It's a little silly but will give you an idea of how it works.  BTW you can create and vote in polls but you have to register first.  Same thing with the chat and with private messaging.   When you register you only need to enter a username, password, and email address.    For now, for those of you who I know from shethinks feel free to enter bogus email address if you wish.  Also, if you prefer you can hide the email from the board just like at shethinks.  It should be fun.

Evil